The head, body, bowl and hose are the primary components that make

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Download scientific diagram | The head, body, bowl and hose are the primary components that make up a narghile waterpipe. To draw smoke through the water bubbler, the user must generate a vacuum sufficient to overcome the several centimetre water column residing above the submerged body outlet. The static head of the water is the primary flow resistance in the system felt by the smoker; adding or reducing the water level in the bowl modulates the drag experienced by the user. Some fraction of the drawn smoke volume (roughly one-third) remains in the head space of the water bubbler between puffs, and is displaced by fresh smoke in subsequent puffs. Flow passages are located at the base of the clay head to allow the smoke to pass into the central conduit of the body that leads to the water bowl. Because of the long path traversed by the smoke as it passes from the head, through the body, to the water bowl, and through the hose to the smoker, there are ample opportunities for gas and particulate phase deposition, diffusion, and evaporation/condensation processes to occur, as well as particle–particle coagulation. Adapted from ref. 9. from publication: Toxicant content, physical properties and biological activity of waterpipe tobacco smoke and its tobacco-free alternatives | Waterpipe smoking using sweetened, flavoured tobacco products has become a widespread global phenomenon. In this paper, we review chemical, physical and biological properties of waterpipe smoke. Peer-reviewed publications indexed in major databases between 1991 and 2014. | Carcinogens, Physical Properties and Biologics | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.